| MAX D. WHEELER (A3439) STEPHEN J. HILL (A1493) RYAN E. TIBBITTS (A4423) SNOW, CHRISTENSEN & MARTINEAU 10 Exchange Place, Eleventh Floor Post Office Box 45000 Salt Lake City, Utah 84145 Telephone: (801) 521-9000 STEPHEN D. SUSMAN RALPH H. PALUMBO PARKER C. FOLSE III DISTRICT OF UTAH, CENTRAL DIVISION
CALDERA, INC., vs. MICROSOFT CORPORATION,
TABLE OF CONTENTS I. NATURE OF CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. THE PARTIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 III. JURISDICTION AND VENUE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 IV. PERSONAL COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND THE PERSONAL A. Introduction of the PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 V. MICROSOFT'S GROWTH AND DOMINATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 VI. THE DR DOS CHALLENGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 VII. MICROSOFT'S PREDATORY RESPONSE TO DR DOS. . . . . . . 14 VIII. RELEVANT MARKETS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 FIRST CLAIM FOR RELIEF SECOND CLAIM FOR RELIEF THIRD CLAIM FOR RELIEF FOURTH CLAIM FOR RELIEF PRAYER FOR RELIEF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 COMPLAINT I. NATURE OF CASE. 2. Caldera has acquired from Novell, Inc. ("Novell"), its DR DOS- and Novell DOS-related assets, including this claim (the "DR DOS Business"), pursuant to an Asset Purchase Agreement dated July 23, 1996. Caldera is now engaged in the license and sale of DOS Softwareunder the name "Open DOS." (DR DOS, Novell DOS, and Open DOS are sometimes referred to herein together as "DR DOS.") Caldera is therefore entitled to recover damages from Microsoft for its anticompetitive and illegal conduct. Moreover, unless restrained by order of this court, Microsoft will permanently destroy competition in the DOS Market in the microcomputer software industry, and Caldera will be artificially and illegally prevented from realizing the full financial potential of the DR DOS Business. 3. Microsoft has erected artificial barriers to the entry and growth of competing operating systems vendors through its contractual relations with original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of PCs and other predatory conduct, which have had the effect of excluding competitors from the DOS Market, a market in which Microsoft has monopoly power. These practices have included the following:
4. Microsoft's conduct has had a direct, substantial and adverse effect on competition by raising barriers to entry to competing DOS Software, foreclosing competition with Microsoft on the basis of price and performance, and stifling innovation. Buyers of PCs and software have thus been forced to pay higher prices for less innovative, inferior products. 5. The United States Department of Justice complained of and investigated, among other things, Microsoft's illegal and anti-competitive practices in the DOS Market in United States vs. Microsoft, Civil No. 94-1564 (D.D.C., Complaint filed July 15, 1994). The United States District Court for the District of Columbia entered a Final Judgment in United States v. Microsoft on August 21, 1995, which barred certain of Microsoft's anticompetitive practices, including per processor licenses, licences exceeding one year in length, licenses prohibiting or restricting OEMs from licensing or distributing non-Microsoft operating systems, license agreements conditioning an OEM's license of one Microsoft operating system product upon the license of another Microsoft product or upon the OEM not licensing a non-Microsoft product, minimum commitment licenses, and licenses requiring royalty payments to Microsoft other than on a per-copy or per-system basis. Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §16(i), the statute of limitations has been suspended as a result of United States v. Microsoft. At the conclusion of its parallel investigation of Microsoft, the Commission for the European Communities, Directorate-General IV, also barred these anticompetitive practices by Microsoft. II. THE PARTIES. 6. Plaintiff Caldera is a Utah corporation. Caldera's principal place of business is located at 633 South 550 East, Provo, Utah 84606. Caldera develops, markets, sells, licenses and services software used with PCs. 7. Pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement with Novell, Caldera is in the business of developing, marketing, selling, licensing and servicing DR DOS products, now known as "Open DOS." Caldera competes with Microsoft in the sale, distribution and support of DOS Software and other software products via the Internet, as well as through traditional OEM, distributor, retailer and value-added reseller channels. 8. Defendant Microsoft is a Delaware corporation. Microsoft's principal place of business is located at One Microsoft Way, Redmond, Washington, 98052. 9. Microsoft is the world's largest independent software company with fiscal 1996 sales totaling $8.67 billion. Microsoft's net income reached $2.20 billion in 1996, up from $1.453 billion the prior year, an increase of 52%. Over the last 5 years, Microsoft's average annual growth rate has been 33%. Operating system sales increased 53% during fiscal year 1996 over fiscal year 1995. 10. The Microsoft products chiefly at issue here are MS-DOS, which runs on the Intel x86 class of microprocessors, Windows, a graphical user interface (GUI), which runs on top of MS-DOS and other DOS Software, and Windows 95, which includes a DOS kernel and a graphical user interface. III. JURISDICTION AND VENUE. 11. This Court has jurisdiction over this matter pursuant to Section 4 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §4, Sections 4 and 16 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. §§15 and 26, and 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331, 1337 and 1367. 12. Venue is proper in this district under 15 U.S.C. §§ 15, 22 and 26, and under 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b) and (c) because (i) defendant Microsoft transacts business and is found within this district, (ii) plaintiff's principal place of business is within this district, and (iii) a substantial portion of the events giving rise to the claim herein occurred within this district. IV. PERSONAL COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND THE PERSONAL COMPUTER INDUSTRY. A. Introduction of the PC. 13. IBM was among the first United States companies to introduce microcomputers for personal use. IBM introduced the IBM personal computer in 1981. It was quickly dubbed the "PC," a term now used (in this Complaint and generally) to refer to any personal computer that is IBM-compatible, whether manufactured by IBM or not, i.e., personal computers that use Intel x86-class microprocessors. 14. The components of a PC are the hardware (which includes the microprocessor, the memory and the disk drive), software (which includes the operating system, other low level programs, and various applications programs), and peripherals (which include the display screen, keyboard and printer). 15. IBM's hardware architecture design was based on a microprocessor chip designed and manufactured by Intel. So-called "clone" PC manufacturers also utilize Intel x86-class microprocessors. 16. At least up to the release of Windows 95 in August 1995, the dominant operating system on Intel x86-class microprocessors is Microsoft's MS-DOS, and MS-DOS continues to provide service and functionality even after the advent of Windows 95. B. The Importance of the Operating System Software. 17. The software on a PC can be divided into three basic categories: operating system software (e.g., MS-DOS), graphical user interface (GUI) software and applications software. 18. Applications software gives the PC its functionality and consumer utility. Application software provides the PC with instructions for the performance of tasks selected by the user. Primary examples of application software are word processing, spreadsheet, and database programs. 19. The operating system controls the basic functions of the PC and facilitates interaction between application programs and hardware. Operating system software performs the following functions:
20. The operating system constitutes the critical layer of software in every PC. All other software programs installed by a PC user must work with, and therefore be compatible with, the particular operating system running on the PC. 21. In writing applications for a particular operating system, applications developers refer to a set of ground rules for that operating system, known as the Application Programming Interfaces (or APIs). APIs tell the application developer what the operating system will do in response to a defined set of requests or "calls." As long as an application is written in accordance with the rules set by the API, the application will run with a given operating system. 22. Particular operating systems can only work with a certain type of microprocessor. For example, MS-DOS will operate only on PCs, i.e., machines that contain Intel x86-class microprocessors. MS-DOS will not run on machines manufactured by Apple Computer, which operate on a non-Intel microprocessor platform. C. The Emergence of Graphical User Interfaces ("GUIs"). 23. MS-DOS is character-based, i.e., most of the visual displays generated by MS-DOS are limited to blinking cursors, letters and numbers. To have the computer perform certain tasks -- such as opening a new file -- the user must issue instructions by typing in the correct sequence of letters and numbers. 24. Graphical user interface or GUI screen displays include icons or symbols to represent programs, functions or information. A GUI, together with a "mouse" pointing device, allows the user to instruct the computer to perform specific functions by merely pointing to and "clicking" on certain graphical images, symbols or words. 25. In 1985, Microsoft introduced its GUI software, called Windows. 26. Although sometimes referred to as an operating system, all versions of Windows, excluding Windows NT, interface with and "run on top of" DOS Software. Windows adds a graphical interface between DOS and the user. Windows takes advantage of more sophisticated microprocessors and increased memory capacity to generate complex visual displays as part of its graphical user interface. Even Windows 95 incorporates DOS technology, albeit in a manner designed to eliminate any customer's ability to make a choice of DOS Software distinct from the choice of graphical interface. Thus, although Windows 95 does not appear to the user to run on top of MS-DOS, it in fact does. D. Software Distribution Channels. 27. The customer base for DOS Software consists primarily of PC manufacturers, i.e., OEMs. This is commonly referred to as the OEM channel. DOS Software is also sold at retail, primarily as an upgrade. Because virtually all PCs are sold with operating system software installed, however, there is little opportunity for vendors of DOS Software to make significant sales in retail channels. Hence, by controlling the OEM channel, Microsoft is able to control distribution. 28. OEM licenses for DOS Software (and also Windows software products) typically permit the OEM, through the use of a "golden master" diskette supplied by the software developer (such as Microsoft), to reproduce and install the software on each PC. V. MICROSOFT'S GROWTH AND DOMINATION. 29. In 1981, IBM contracted with Microsoft to design and develop the operating system software for the IBM PC. Since it had practically no background in operating systems, Microsoft entered into an arrangement with a company known as Seattle Computer Products (SCP) to acquire rights to a program under development by SCP known as "QDOS" for Quick and Dirty Operating System. 30. QDOS borrowed heavily from, and was a clone of, an operating system developed by Digital Research, Inc. ("DRI") called CP/M. Microsoft acquired its rights to QDOS without disclosing to SCP its contract with IBM and its plans for QDOS. 31. Microsoft changed the name of QDOS to MS-DOS, for Microsoft-Disk Operating System. Under its arrangement with IBM, Microsoft retained the right to license MS-DOS to other PC manufacturers. IBM called its version of the product PC DOS. 32. MS-DOS was originally designed to run on the Intel 8088 microprocessor. Microsoft has introduced several versions of MS-DOS since 1981, which have run on the Intel x86 class of microprocessors. 33. Because Microsoft distributes MS-DOS (and Windows) predominantly through the OEM channel, its costs of producing, selling and licensing an additional unit are minimal. Once Microsoft delivers a master copy of a disk containing the MS-DOS (or Windows) program to a given OEM, it incurs little or no additional costs of sale. OEMs, on the other hand, must copy and package disks, prepare product literature, and ship product to customers. 34. By the mid-1980's, MS-DOS had become entrenched as the standard in the DOS Market, generating millions of dollars of annual revenues to Microsoft. Not surprisingly, in view of Microsoft's monopoly power and the absence of competition, the price of MS-DOS in the OEM channel escalated from $2-$5 per copy in the 1981-1982 period to $25-$28 per copy by 1988. 35. At the same time, for much of the 1980s, Microsoft did almost nothing
to improve MS-DOS. Microsoft released MS-DOS 3.0 in August 1984, but did
not release MS-DOS 4.0 until June 1988, a month after DRI released DR
DOS 3.31, which was the first DR DOS release. VI. THE DR DOS CHALLENGE. 36. Microsoft's inaction was remarkable given that improvements in hardware technology and applications software had created a demand among PC users for an enhanced operating system. By 1987, users were seeking, among other things (including more favorable prices):
37. Because of these deficiencies, a number of OEMs approached DRI and
requested that it develop a version of DOS that would fill the gaps in
functionality that plagued MS-DOS. 38. DRI designed DR DOS to be the functional equivalent of MS-DOS, i.e., to support the same API set. DRI was readily able to accomplish this, largely because of its experience in the development of CP/M, from which QDOS and MS-DOS derived. 39. The result of DRI's initial development effort was a product designated as DR DOS 3.31, introduced on May 28, 1988. DR DOS 3.31 was followed quickly by enhanced versions of the product. Thus DR DOS 5.0, introduced in May 1990, and DR DOS 6.0, introduced in September 1991, were significantly superior to then-existing versions of MS-DOS in many areas, including (a) memory management, (b) a ROM-able core of the operating system, (c) user-friendly commands and on-screen help resources, (d) a graphical user interface option, (e) extended disk commands, (f) password protection, and (g) the ability to store twice as much information on a hard disk through disk compression technology. Despite its technical advances, DR DOS was offered at prices below the monopolistic price levels Microsoft had set for its MS-DOS products. 40. Industry experts responded enthusiastically to DR DOS. DR DOS 5.0 received several awards including the 1990 BYTE Award of Distinction and Finalist in the 1990 PC Magazine Award for Technical Excellence. DR DOS 6.0 similarly received a number of industry awards, including the 1991 BYTE Award of Excellence, BEST of COMDEX (Fall 1991), and the Infoworld Buyers Assurance Seal. Several industry magazines also picked DR DOS products as technically superior, and a better value, than competing versions of MS-DOS. 41. The technical superiority and value of DR DOS resulted in a rise in sales from about $15 million in fiscal year 1990 to $30 million in fiscal year 1991, notwithstanding Microsoft's anticompetitive conduct. DR DOS sold well in the retail distribution channel, but due to Microsoft's exclusive dealings and other predatory conduct, it was largely locked out of the OEM channel. VII. MICROSOFT'S PREDATORY RESPONSE TO DR DOS. 42. Microsoft refused to tolerate this assault on its monopoly position in the DOS Market for at least two (to Microsoft) compelling reasons: (i) Microsoft's DOS Market monopoly enabled it to control the standards or APIs to which all applications for IBM-compatible PCs had to be written; and (ii) MS-DOS enabled Microsoft to collect enormous amounts of money from its license of MS-DOS at negligible ongoing cost or risk. 43. DR DOS posed a particularly significant threat to Microsoft because (i) it was compatible with applications written for MS-DOS; and (ii) since both DR DOS and MS-DOS were technological successors to CP/M, Microsoft could not claim that DR DOS infringed upon any proprietary technology it owned. 44. Microsoft's principal defense against any competitive threat, including DR DOS, was the wall of "per processor" licenses that it had begun to construct in 1988, the year that DR DOS was first released to the market. Under per processor licenses, OEMs were required to pay Microsoft a royalty on every PC they sold regardless of whether it contained Microsoft's MS-DOS, some other software developer's DOS Software, or no operating system software. This royalty system effectively imposed a tax in favor of Microsoft whenever an OEM sold a PC equipped with any operating system other than MS-DOS. Given the razor-thin margins on the sale of PCs, this royalty scheme caused OEMs to ship MS-DOS exclusively. 45. Microsoft compounded this per processor licensing scheme by insisting on long-term licenses of MS-DOS from its OEM customers, contracts that tended to be longer than competitive DOS Software product cycles. Microsoft also obtained large "take or pay" minimum commitment licenses that also effectively foreclosed the ability of competitors such as Novell to sell competing DOS Software products to OEMs, and engaged in other licensing practices that had the effect of coercing OEMs to deal exclusively with Microsoft. 46. Microsoft responded to DR DOS 5.0 by announcing in May 1990 that it intended to issue a new release of MS-DOS, to be called MS-DOS 5.0, that would mirror the technical advantages already present in DR DOS 5.0. Microsoft indicated that the new release of MS-DOS would be available within a few months. Industry experience indicates that it would have been near impossible for Microsoft to develop and release a commercial version of its product matching the features of DR DOS 5.0 within that period. Nonetheless, Microsoft repeated this vaporware announcement throughout the summer and into the fall of 1990. In fact, MS-DOS 5.0 was not released until June 1991 and, when finally released, it did not offer the features Microsoft had promised. Microsoft later made similar, preemptive vaporware announcements of MS-DOS 6.0, MS-DOS 7.0 (which never came to market as a stand-alone product) and Windows 95, regarding release dates and planned features of such products in direct response to release of DR DOS 6.0 and Novell DOS 7.0. These announcements were knowingly false or misleading when made. 47. On July 17, 1991, DRI, finding it difficult to compete in the face of Microsoft's onslaught, announced its agreement to be acquired by Novell. The merger was completed October 28, 1991. With the financial, research and development, and marketing support of Novell, DR DOS could have obtained a significant share of the DOS Market, but for Microsoft's anticompetitive conduct. 48. Microsoft had previously approached Novell about a merger in November and December 1989, but Microsoft had broken off those discussions due to regulatory antitrust concerns. However, on July 18, 1991 the very next day after Novell and DRI announced their merger William H. Gates III (co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft) telephoned Raymond J. Noorda (who was then Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer of Novell) to request a meeting with Noorda as soon as possible to re-institute discussions of a merger between Microsoft and Novell. As a prerequisite, Gates told Noorda he wanted Novell to first get rid of DRI. During subsequent negotiations between Microsoft and Novell, Microsoft requested that Novell delay any integration of DRI with the rest of Novell in order to keep merger options open from a regulatory antitrust perspective. These overtures by Gates and Microsoft had their intended effect: to slow down Novell's integration of DR DOS into Novell's product line. When merger discussions finally broke down in March 1992, Novell's DR DOS product line was seriously wounded as a competitor in the DOS Market because Novell lost valuable time, as well as product planning and marketing efforts, during the pendency of merger discussions. Novell was thwarted in its ability to achieve the market potential presented by the DRI acquisition. 49. In the Fall of 1991, Microsoft announced to the market that DR DOS would not be compatible with the next release of Windows known as Windows 3.1, scheduled for release in April 1992. The market perceived that it was critical for an operating system to support Windows; therefore Microsoft's statements that DR DOS could not do so substantially undercut Novell's efforts to penetrate the DOS Market. 50. To reinforce the impression that DR DOS would be incompatible with Windows 3.1, beginning in December of 1991, Microsoft released beta versions of Windows 3.1 containing code that generated misleading error messages when Windows 3.1 ran on top of DR DOS rather than MS-DOS. Microsoft created these error messages for the purpose of creating the impression that DR DOS would be incompatible with Windows in order to dissuade customers from purchasing DR DOS. 51. Microsoft also deliberately attempted to create, and created, incompatibilities between Windows 3.1 and DR DOS. Among those incompatibilities, including incompatibilties that have been publicly reported are the follwing: the inclusion in Windows 3.1 of the DOSMGR callout API and several undocumented DOS calls; incompatibilities due to changes in the XMS (Extended Memory Standard) memory manager interface; incompatibilities due to changes to the Loadhi VxD interface; and incompatibilities due to changes to the use of the microprocessor's "nested task flag," which controls performance of important tasks. Microsoft also changed its Windows for Workgroups networking software so that it effectively performs a check as to whether DR DOS is running, and if so, causes the system to crash. 52. All of the foregoing were part of an extended "FUD campaign" by Microsoft in response to release of DR DOS 5.0, DR DOS 6.0, and Novell DOS 7.0. "FUD" is an acronym for a tactic used by Microsoft to create "fear, uncertainty and doubt" in a competitors' software by propagandizing the market with misleading or incomplete statements about competing software. In regard to DR DOS, Microsoft's FUD campaign involved, in addition to the foregoing, efforts to uncover supposed flaws in DR DOS releases which it would then leak to the media as allegedly crippling "bugs." Microsoft's purpose was to freeze the OEM and retail channels with fear, uncertainty and doubt about DR DOS releases, thus squelching sales. Microsoft's FUD campaign regarding DR DOS "bugs" was particularly misleading where Microsoft's own releases of MS-DOS 5.0 and MS-DOS 6.0 had such severe bugs (including data loss) that Microsoft was required to immediately release "patches" to cure them. 53. Even though the Windows 3.1 beta release was at that time the largest such release in history, Microsoft refused to provide a Windows 3.1 beta to Novell's DR DOS development team. Microsoft's refusal to do so was another predatory effort to impede Novell's ability to test DR DOS with Windows 3.1 and thereby hamper Novell's ability to offer a Windows 3.1-compatible release of DR DOS to the market. In fact, shortly after Windows 3.1 was finally released to the market, Novell was able to release an enhanced version of DR DOS supporting Windows 3.1 without substantial technical difficulty. 54. Microsoft also informed certain OEM PC manufacturers that they could not obtain Windows or be given access to essential information, product support and service if they did not purchase and ship MS-DOS, to the exclusion of DR DOS. 55. Similarly, Microsoft established a pricing structure for Windows that made it prohibitive to buy that product in the absence of MS-DOS. For example, certain Korean OEMs were informed that the price of Windows without MS-DOS would be double the price of Windows with MS-DOS. 56. Microsoft also continued its tactic, set in place at least by May 1990, of offering selective, deep discounting of prices on MS-DOS license agreements with OEMs where Microsoft perceived that an OEM was considering license of DR DOS. Microsoft kept close watch on the "DRI threat" and, because the actual cost to Microsoft of producing, selling and licensing an additional unit of MS-DOS was minimal, offered steep discounts to foreclose DRI's (and then Novell's, and now Caldera's) ability to profitably compete on price. This course of conduct, in conjunction with Microsoft's other conduct described herein, is probative of Microsoft's predatory intention to eliminate DR DOS as a competitor. In addition, it demonstrates that Microsoft viewed DR DOS as a serious competitive threat which constrained Microsoft's ability to exercise its monopoly power, and that the elimination of DR DOS would injure competitiion in the relevant market and preserve and enhance Microsoft's power to engage in monopoly pricing. 57. Microsoft's most devastating tactic, however, was its massive expansion of per processor licenses in the OEM channel. Following the announcement of Novell's acquisition of DRI, Microsoft substantially stepped up its efforts to coerce OEMs to enter into per processor licenses or comparably exclusionary MS-DOS licenses. Thereafter, Novell's sales force found the OEM channel virtually impenetrable; they were thwarted in account by account by Microsoft's per-processor license wall. 58. The combined effect of Microsoft's anticompetitive practices on DR DOS was devastating. DR DOS sales plummeted during fiscal year 1992, totaling $15.5 million in the first quarter, $13.7 million in the second quarter, $6.9 million in the third quarter, and $1.4 million in the fourth quarter (which ended October 31, 1992). 59. Microsoft continued with its predatory practices throughout 1992 and up to the present day. Microsoft has employed another tactic for locking OEMs exclusively to MS-DOS, namely, "cliff pricing" through which a substantially reduced price is provided to OEMs if and only if they commit to obtain all of their requirements for operating system software from Microsoft. Although various governmental agencies including the United States Department of Justice have sought to bar certain of Microsoft's predatory practices such as the per processor license, Microsoft has been permitted to employ its "cliff pricing" practice with impunity. 60. Novell introduced its final version of the product, Novell DOS 7.0, in the summer of 1993. Microsoft responded with vaporware announcements of MS-DOS 7.0, which ultimately was never released to the market. 61. Microsoft also intensified its campaign to destroy the DOS Market in its entirety by bundling MS-DOS and Windows into a single product, and announced it would halt further refinement of either MS-DOS or Windows as separate products. Technologically tying Windows to MS-DOS was accomplished through the release of Windows 95 in August 1995. Microsoft's dominant purpose in combining the functionality of Windows and MS-DOS in Windows 95 was to tie together and compel the purchase as a package of two products--Windows and MS-DOS--that previously were marketed separately and were distinguishable in the eyes of buyers. Thus, excluding competition in the DOS Market was the dominant purpose of this technological tie, rather than the creation of technological benefits. In fact, the bundling of the prior MS-DOS and Windows functionality did not itself create technological benefits. The GUI portion of Windows 95 can, or with minor modifications will, run on top of DOS Software just as Windows 3.1 ran on top of DR DOS 6.0 and Novell DOS 7.0. Regardless of the truth or falsity of Microsoft's claim that Windows no longer requires DOS Software to run, the impact of such fear, uncertainty and doubt in the OEM and retail channels created by Microsoft's announcement, combined with the vaporware nature of the announcement when made, dealt Novell a devastating blow in its ability to continue to market its DR DOS products. 62. In September 1994, as a result of Microsoft's predatory and anticompetitive conduct described herein, Novell announced that it would cease the marketing and development of DR DOS, although Novell continued to make some sales of the DR DOS product following this announcement. 63. Caldera acquired the DR DOS business from Novell pursuant to the Asset Purchase Agreement of July 23, 1996. Caldera has received substantial expressions of interest in the continued existence of DR DOS, and through September 1997, has generated or contracted or approximately $4,000,000 in DR DOS revenues. VIII. RELEVANT MARKETS. 64. There are two relevant product markets: (i) the DOS Market; and (ii) the market for graphical user interfaces that run on top of DOS Software (the "GUI Market"). 65. The relevant geographic market is global. Microsoft sells and licenses MS-DOS throughout the world, and the vast percentage of MS-DOS is sold or licensed in the regions of North America, Europe, and the Far East. At a minimum, these regions include the United States, Canada, Mexico, Great Britain, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, The Netherlands, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Malaysia. 66. Microsoft has monopoly power in the DOS Market and the GUI Market. In fact, according to the Justice Department's complaint, "Microsoft has monopoly power in the relevant market and has had monopoly power since at least the mid-1980s. For almost a decade Microsoft has retained an extremely high market share -- consistently in excess of 70%." The Commission for the European Communities reached a similar conclusion in its investigation of Microsoft. 67. Microsoft's MS-DOS and Windows are the "de facto" software standards for the Intel x86 class of microprocessors. Microsoft's control of MS-DOS and Windows standards for Intel x86-class microprocessors provides it with several significant advantages over operating systems competitors, which raises significant barriers to entry and expansion, including the following:
68. Other interrelated barriers to entry and expansion exist in the relevant markets, and more generally in the market for PC operating system software, and are substantial:
69. These barriers magnify and reinforce each other because the value of an operating system to a consumer is directly related to two factors: the availability of a variety of high quality applications that run on that system, and the number of users who use that operating system and thus are able to share information and work with the system without additional training. ISVs, in turn, tend to develop applications for operating systems with a large installed base of users, and consumers gravitate towards operating systems with a large base of applications. 70. Microsoft's anticompetitive contracting practices described above significantly increase the already high barriers to entry and expansion facing operating system and graphical user interface competitors. These practices reduce the likelihood that OEMs will license and promote non-Microsoft PC operating systems and graphical user interfaces, make it more difficult for Microsoft's competitors to persuade ISVs to develop applications for their products, and impede the ability of a non-Microsoft PC operating system or graphical user interface to expand its installed base of users. 71. As a result of these and other advantages, Microsoft holds and has exercised power to exclude competitors and increase prices in the DOS Market and the GUI Markets.
MONOPOLIZATION OF DOS MARKET (Violation of Sherman Act, Section 2)
72. Caldera incorporates by reference and realleges the averments of 1-71 as if fully set forth herein. 73. Microsoft has monopolized the DOS Market in violation of 2 of the Sherman Act. There is no legitimate business justification or purpose for Microsoft's conduct. Microsoft has not used the least restrictive means for achieving its business objectives. 74. The aforesaid conduct of defendant Microsoft has produced and, unless restrained by Order of this Court, will continue to produce the following anticompetitive effects, among others:
75. As a direct and proximate result of the predatory acts and practices alleged above, the DR DOS Business, which plaintiff Caldera has acquired, is being and will continue to be immediately and irreparably injured through the following:
76. The precise amount of damages that Caldera is entitled to recover as a result of the foregoing injuries to the DOS Business has not yet been ascertained. 77. In addition, defendant Microsoft's monopolization of the DOS Market is an ongoing wrong causing the DR DOS Business incalculable and irreparable injury for which there is no adequate remedy at law. Unless defendant Microsoft is restrained by an appropriate Order of this Court, Caldera will be unable to compete fully and fairly in the sale and license of DR DOS (now called "Open DOS") and related PC operating system software.
ILLEGAL TYING (Violation of Sherman Act, Section 1 and Clayton Act, Section 3) 78. Caldera incorporates by reference and realleges each and every allegation contained in 1-77 as if fully set forth herein. 79. Microsoft has coerced OEMs to enter into unreasonable and anticompetitive tying arrangements in the form of licenses to MS-DOS. In furtherance of its illegal tying arrangements, Microsoft engaged in the following conduct, among other things:
80. Many OEMs did not and do not wish to license MS-DOS from Microsoft on the terms imposed and many users would have preferred to run DR DOS with Windows but for the fears of incompatibility created by Microsoft. 81. Microsoft has appreciable market power in the GUI Market due to, among other things, (i) its dominant market share; (ii) its copyrighted Windows product; and (iii) its unique MS-DOS-compatible graphical user interface. 82. Novell competed with Microsoft in attempting to license its DR DOS operating system to OEMs and in attempting to license DR DOS directly to end users at retail. As a direct result of Microsoft's tying arrangements as described above, Novell and other competitors were foreclosed from selling DOS Software to a substantial portion of the market. 83. Microsoft's illegal tie-ins have resulted in actual substantial foreclosure of DR DOS from the DOS Market. Competition in the DOS Market has been reduced because of Microsoft's anticompetitive conduct. 84. Microsoft's tying arrangements constitute contracts in unreasonable restraint of trade in or affecting a substantial volume of interstate commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. 1, and Section 3 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. 14. 85. The DR DOS Business, now owned by Caldera, suffered injury by reason of these acts. The precise amount of damages has not yet been ascertained.
EXCLUSIVE DEALING (Violation of Sherman Act, Section 1) 86. Caldera incorporates by reference and realleges the averments of 1-85 as if fully set forth herein. 87. Microsoft has coerced OEMs to enter into long-term exclusive dealing arrangements for MS-DOS. These exclusive dealing contracts have taken the form of per-processor licenses, cliff pricing, volume discounts, coercive royalty schedules and other licensing terms and practices having the purpose and the practical effect of forcing OEMs to purchase all of their DOS Software requirements from a single seller -- Microsoft. 88. The effect of Microsoft's exclusive dealing arrangements was to effectively foreclose a substantial number of prospective customers, particularly OEMs, from purchasing DR DOS. OEMs who would like to have licensed DR DOS have been precluded from doing so by their per processor and other exclusive licenses with Microsoft. 89. The actual and probable effect of Microsoft's exclusive dealing arrangements has been to raise prices above the competitive level and substantially lessen competition in the DOS Market. Microsoft possesses monopoly power and has used, and continues to use, exclusive dealing arrangements with OEMs to raise barriers to entry and foreclose actual and potential competition. 90. There is no legitimate business justification for Microsoft's exclusive dealing arrangements. 91. The above-described exclusive dealing arrangements imposed by Microsoft constitute contracts in unreasonable restraint of trade in or affecting a substantial volume of interstate commerce in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §1. 92. Caldera's DOS Business has been injured by reason of these acts. The precise amount of damages has not yet been ascertained.
TORTIOUS INTERFERENCE WITH ECONOMIC RELATIONS (Violation of Utah Common Law)
93. Caldera incorporates by reference and realleges the averments of 1-92 as if fully set forth herein 94. Microsoft, through various improper means as alleged above, has willfully and intentionally sought to damage existing and prospective business relations of DRI, Novell and Caldera. Microsoft, through various false statements, cover-ups, encrypted code, and other fraudulent and deceptive means, has sought to conceal the true nature and extent of such conduct, thus tolling any applicable statute of limitations. 95. Microsoft was and is maliciously motivated and knew, or in the exercise of reasonable care should have known, that its actions would damage and continue to damage the DR DOS Business and existing and prospective contractual relations with DR DOS customers, and has acted in conscious disregard of this effect. 96. As a proximate result of this intentional interference by Microsoft, the DR DOS Business has suffered special damages in the form of lost sales and profits. Caldera, having acquired the DR DOS Business from Novell, is entitled to recover such damages from Microsoft, the amount of which has not yet been ascertained. 97. Caldera, due to Microsoft's willful, malicious and intentionally fraudulent conduct, manifesting a knowing and reckless indifference to, or a reckless disregard of, DRI's and Novell's rights, is entitled to an award of punitive damages in sufficient amount to dissuade Microsoft from similar future conduct.
1. For compensatory damages in an amount to be proven at trial. 2. For an order trebling the amount of compensatory damages awarded pursuant to Section 4 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. #167;15. 3. For an award of punitive damages. 4. For an order granting permanent injunctive relief requiring that defendant Microsoft hereinafter refrain from the use of per processor licenses on MS-DOS or any other operating system software that is competitive with, or an intended replacement for, DOS Software, including Windows 95 and Windows NT. 5. For an order granting permanent injunctive relief requiring that defendant Microsoft hereinafter refrain from licensing practices and pricing policies which have the purpose nd effect of causing exclusive dealing. 6. For an order granting permanent injunctive relief requiring Microsoft, for a period of ten years, to disclose to Caldera all APIs for any operating system it produces, as well as any odifications, enhancements, updates, or new versions of such operating systems at the time that uch products are released for beta testing. 7. For an order granting permanent injunctive relief prohibiting Microsoft from including code in any software products that has the sole or primary purpose of creating real or erceived incompatibility between Microsoft's products and Caldera's products. 8. For an order granting permanent injunctive relief as may be reasonably necessary or appropriate to eliminate the effects of Microsoft's violations of the antitrust laws and to restore ffective competition in the computer software industry. 9. For the award to plaintiff of its attorneys' fees and costs of suit. 10.For such other and further relief as the Court deems just and equitable. DATED this_________day of___________, 199__ . SNOW, CHRISTENSEN & MARTINEAU By____________________________ |